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Merge pull request #1371 from bf4/documentation_updates

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[DOCS] Refactor, update, create documentation
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Benjamin Fleischer
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[Back to Guides](README.md)
# ARCHITECTURE
An **`ActiveModel::Serializer`** wraps a [serializable resource](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb)

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# Docs - ActiveModel::Serializer 0.10.x
This is the documentation of AMS, it's focused on the **0.10.x version.**
This is the documentation of ActiveModelSerializers, it's focused on the **0.10.x version.**
-----
## General
- [Getting Started](general/getting_started.md)
- [Adapters](general/adapters.md)
- [Configuration Options](general/configuration_options.md)
- [Serializers](general/serializers.md)
- [Adapters](general/adapters.md)
- [Rendering](general/rendering.md)
- [Caching](general/caching.md)
- [Logging](general/logging.md)
- [Instrumentation](general/instrumentation.md)
- [JSON API Schema](jsonapi/schema.md)
- [ARCHITECTURE](ARCHITECTURE.md)
## How to
- [How to add root key](howto/add_root_key.md)
- [How to add pagination links](howto/add_pagination_links.md)
- [Using AMS Outside Of Controllers](howto/outside_controller_use.md)
- [Using ActiveModelSerializers Outside Of Controllers](howto/outside_controller_use.md)
## Integrations
| Integration | Supported AMS versions | Gem name and/or link
| Integration | Supported ActiveModelSerializers versions | Gem name and/or link
|----|-----|----
| Ember.js | 0.9.x | [active-model-adapter](https://github.com/ember-data/active-model-adapter)
| Ember.js | 0.10.x + | [docs/integrations/ember-and-json-api.md](integrations/ember-and-json-api.md)
| Grape | 0.10.x + | [docs/integrations/grape.md](integrations/grape.md) |
| Grape | 0.9.x | https://github.com/jrhe/grape-active_model_serializers/ |
| Sinatra | 0.9.x | https://github.com/SauloSilva/sinatra-active-model-serializers/
## Getting Help
If you find a bug, please report an [Issue](https://github.com/rails-api/active_model_serializers/issues/new).
If you have a question, please [post to Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/active-model-serializers).
Thanks!
## Contributing
See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/rails-api/active_model_serializers/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)

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[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Adapters
AMS works through two components: **serializers** and **adapters**.
Serializers describe _which_ attributes and relationships should be serialized.
Adapters describe _how_ attributes and relationships should be serialized.
You can use one of the built-in adapters (```Attributes``` is the default one) or create one by yourself, but you won't need to implement an adapter unless you wish to use a new format or media type with AMS.
ActiveModelSerializers offers the ability to configure which adapter
to use both globally and/or when serializing (usually when rendering).
The global adapter configuration is set on [`ActiveModelSerializers.config`](configuration_options.md).
It should be set only once, preferably at initialization.
For example:
```ruby
ActiveModelSerializers.config.adapter = ActiveModel::Serializer::Adapter::JsonApi
```
or
```ruby
ActiveModelSerializers.config.adapter = :json_api
```
or
```ruby
ActiveModelSerializers.config.adapter = :json
```
The local adapter option is in the format `adapter: adapter`, where `adapter` is
any of the same values as set globally.
The configured adapter can be set as a symbol, class, or class name, as described in
[Advanced adapter configuration](adapters.md#advanced-adapter-configuration).
The `Attributes` adapter does not include a root key. It is just the serialized attributes.
Use either the `JSON` or `JSON API` adapters if you want the response document to have a root key.
## Built in Adapters
@@ -14,48 +45,69 @@ Doesn't follow any specific convention.
### JSON
It also generates a json response but always with a root key. The root key **can't be overridden**, and will be automatically defined accordingly to the objects being serialized.
The response document always with a root key.
The root key **can't be overridden**, and will be derived from the resource being serialized.
Doesn't follow any specific convention.
### JSON API
This adapter follows **version 1.0** of the format specified in
[jsonapi.org/format](http://jsonapi.org/format). It will include the associated
resources in the `"included"` member when the resource names are included in the
`include` option.
This adapter follows **version 1.0** of the [format specified](../jsonapi/schema.md) in
[jsonapi.org/format](http://jsonapi.org/format).
#### Included
It will include the associated resources in the `"included"` member
when the resource names are included in the `include` option.
Including nested associated resources is also supported.
```ruby
render @posts, include: ['authors', 'comments']
render json: @posts, include: ['author', 'comments', 'comments.author']
# or
render json: @posts, include: 'author,comments,comments.author'
```
or
In addition, two types of wildcards may be used:
- `*` includes one level of associations.
- `**` includes all recursively.
These can be combined with other paths.
```ruby
render @posts, include: 'authors,comments'
render json: @posts, include: '**' # or '*' for a single layer
```
The format of the `include` option can be either a String composed of a comma-separated list of [relationship paths](http://jsonapi.org/format/#fetching-includes), an Array of Symbols and Hashes, or a mix of both.
The format of the `include` option can be either:
## Choosing an adapter
- a String composed of a comma-separated list of [relationship paths](http://jsonapi.org/format/#fetching-includes).
- an Array of Symbols and Hashes.
- a mix of both.
If you want to use a specify a default adapter, such as JsonApi, you can change this in an initializer:
The following would render posts and include:
- the author
- the author's comments, and
- every resource referenced by the author's comments (recursively).
It could be combined, like above, with other paths in any combination desired.
```ruby
ActiveModel::Serializer.config.adapter = ActiveModel::Serializer::Adapter::JsonApi
render json: @posts, include: 'author.comments.**'
```
or
##### Security Considerations
Since the included options may come from the query params (i.e. user-controller):
```ruby
ActiveModel::Serializer.config.adapter = :json_api
render json: @posts, include: params[:include]
```
If you want to have a root key for each resource in your responses, you should use the Json or
JsonApi adapters instead of the default Attributes:
The user could pass in `include=**`.
```ruby
ActiveModel::Serializer.config.adapter = :json
```
We recommend filtering any user-supplied includes appropriately.
## Advanced adapter configuration

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[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Caching
To cache a serializer, call ```cache``` and pass its options.
The options are the same options of ```ActiveSupport::Cache::Store```, plus
a ```key``` option that will be the prefix of the object cache
on a pattern ```"#{key}/#{object.id}-#{object.updated_at}"```.
The cache support is optimized to use the cached object in multiple request. An object cached on a ```show``` request will be reused at the ```index```. If there is a relationship with another cached serializer it will also be created and reused automatically.
**[NOTE] Every object is individually cached.**
**[NOTE] The cache is automatically expired after an object is updated, but it's not deleted.**
```ruby
cache(options = nil) # options: ```{key, expires_in, compress, force, race_condition_ttl}```
```
Take the example bellow:
```ruby
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
cache key: 'post', expires_in: 3.hours
attributes :title, :body
has_many :comments
end
```
On this example every ```Post``` object will be cached with
the key ```"post/#{post.id}-#{post.updated_at}"```. You can use this key to expire it as you want,
but in this case it will be automatically expired after 3 hours.
## Fragment Caching
If there is some API endpoint that shouldn't be fully cached, you can still optimise it, using Fragment Cache on the attributes and relationships that you want to cache.
You can define the attribute by using ```only``` or ```except``` option on cache method.
**[NOTE] Cache serializers will be used at their relationships**
Example:
```ruby
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
cache key: 'post', expires_in: 3.hours, only: [:title]
attributes :title, :body
has_many :comments
end
```

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[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Configuration Options
The following configuration options can be set on `ActiveModel::Serializer.config` inside an initializer.
The following configuration options can be set on `ActiveModelSerializers.config`,
preferably inside an initializer.
## General
@@ -18,3 +21,7 @@ The following configuration options can be set on `ActiveModel::Serializer.confi
Default: `'1.0'`.
- `jsonapi_toplevel_meta`: Optional metadata. Not included if empty.
Default: `{}`.
## Hooks
To run a hook when ActiveModelSerializers is loaded, use `ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_model_serializers) do end`

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[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Getting Started
## Installation
### ActiveModel::Serializer is already included on Rails >= 5
Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
```
gem 'active_model_serializers'
```
And then execute:
```
$ bundle
```
## Creating a Serializer
The easiest way to create a new serializer is to generate a new resource, which
@@ -33,7 +19,7 @@ the serializer generator:
$ rails g serializer post
```
The generated seralizer will contain basic `attributes` and
The generated serializer will contain basic `attributes` and
`has_many`/`has_one`/`belongs_to` declarations, based on the model. For example:
```ruby
@@ -42,7 +28,6 @@ class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
has_many :comments
has_one :author
end
```
@@ -53,13 +38,20 @@ class CommentSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
attributes :name, :body
belongs_to :post_id
end
```
The attribute names are a **whitelist** of attributes to be serialized.
The `has_many`, `has_one`, and `belongs_to` declarations describe relationships between
resources. By default, when you serialize a `Post`, you will get its `Comments`
as well.
For more information, see [Serializers](docs/general/serializers.md).
### Namespaced Models
When serializing a model inside a namespace, such as `Api::V1::Post`, AMS will expect the corresponding serializer to be inside the same namespace (namely `Api::V1::PostSerializer`).
When serializing a model inside a namespace, such as `Api::V1::Post`, ActiveModelSerializers will expect the corresponding serializer to be inside the same namespace (namely `Api::V1::PostSerializer`).
### Model Associations and Nested Serializers
@@ -69,7 +61,7 @@ class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
has_many :comments
end
```
AMS will look for `PostSerializer::CommentSerializer` in priority, and fall back to `::CommentSerializer` in case the former does not exist. This allows for more control over the way a model gets serialized as an association of an other model.
ActiveModelSerializers will look for `PostSerializer::CommentSerializer` in priority, and fall back to `::CommentSerializer` in case the former does not exist. This allows for more control over the way a model gets serialized as an association of an other model.
For example, in the following situation:
@@ -86,11 +78,13 @@ class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
end
```
AMS will use `PostSerializer::CommentSerializer` (thus including only the `:body_short` attribute) when serializing a `Comment` as part of a `Post`, but use `::CommentSerializer` when serializing a `Comment` directly (thus including `:body, :date, :nb_likes`).
ActiveModelSerializers will use `PostSerializer::CommentSerializer` (thus including only the `:body_short` attribute) when serializing a `Comment` as part of a `Post`, but use `::CommentSerializer` when serializing a `Comment` directly (thus including `:body, :date, :nb_likes`).
## Rails Integration
AMS will automatically integrate with you Rails app, you won't need to update your controller, this is a example of how it will look like:
ActiveModelSerializers will automatically integrate with your Rails app,
so you won't need to update your controller.
This is a example of how the controller will look:
```ruby
class PostsController < ApplicationController

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[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Instrumentation
ActiveModelSerializers uses the
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe 'render.active_model_serializers' do |*ar
# event.payload
# whatever
end
```
## [LogSubscriber](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/LogSubscriber.html)

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[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Logging
If we are using ActiveModel::Serializers on Rails app by default the `Rails.logger` will be used.
The default logger in a Rails application will be `Rails.logger`.
On a non Rails enviroment by default the `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging` will be
used.
When there is no `Rails.logger`, the default logger is an instance of
`ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging` logging to STDOUT.
If we need to customize the logger we can define this in an initializer:
You may customize the logger in an initializer, for example:
```ruby
ActiveModelSerializers.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)

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[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Rendering
### Implicit Serializer
In your controllers, when you use `render :json`, Rails will now first search
for a serializer for the object and use it if available.
```ruby
class PostsController < ApplicationController
def show
@post = Post.find(params[:id])
render json: @post
end
end
```
In this case, Rails will look for a serializer named `PostSerializer`, and if
it exists, use it to serialize the `Post`.
### Explicit Serializer
If you wish to use a serializer other than the default, you can explicitly pass it to the renderer.
#### 1. For a resource:
```ruby
render json: @post, serializer: PostPreviewSerializer
```
#### 2. For a resource collection:
Specify the serializer for each resource with `each_serializer`
```ruby
render json: @posts, each_serializer: PostPreviewSerializer
```
The default serializer for collections is `CollectionSerializer`.
Specify the collection serializer with the `serializer` option.
```ruby
render json: @posts, serializer: CollectionSerializer, each_serializer: PostPreviewSerializer
```
## Serializing non-ActiveRecord objects
All serializable resources must pass the
[ActiveModel::Serializer::Lint::Tests](../../lib/active_model/serializer/lint.rb#L17).
See the ActiveModelSerializers::Model for a base class that implements the full
API for a plain-old Ruby object (PORO).
## SerializableResource options
The `options` hash passed to `render` or `ActiveModel::SerializableResource.new(resource, options)`
are partitioned into `serializer_opts` and `adapter_opts`. `adapter_opts` are passed to new Adapters;
`serializer_opts` are passed to new Serializers.
The `adapter_opts` are specified in [ActiveModel::SerializableResource::ADAPTER_OPTIONS](../../lib/active_model/serializable_resource.rb#L4).
The `serializer_opts` are the remaining options.
(In Rails, the `options` are also passed to the `as_json(options)` or `to_json(options)`
methods on the resource serialization by the Rails JSON renderer. They are, therefore, important
to know about, but not part of ActiveModelSerializers.)
See [ARCHITECTURE](../ARCHITECTURE.md) for more information.
### adapter_opts
#### fields
PR please :)
#### adapter
PR please :)
#### meta
If you want a `meta` attribute in your response, specify it in the `render`
call:
```ruby
render json: @post, meta: { total: 10 }
```
The key can be customized using `meta_key` option.
```ruby
render json: @post, meta: { total: 10 }, meta_key: "custom_meta"
```
`meta` will only be included in your response if you are using an Adapter that supports `root`,
as JsonAPI and Json adapters, the default adapter (Attributes) doesn't have `root`.
#### meta_key
PR please :)
#### links
PR please :)
### serializer_opts
#### include
PR please :)
#### root
PR please :)
#### serializer
PR please :)
#### scope
PR please :)
#### scope_name
PR please :)
## Using a serializer without `render`
See [Usage outside of a controller](../howto/outside_controller_use.md#serializing-before-controller-render).
## Pagination
See [How to add pagination links](https://github.com/rails-api/active_model_serializers/blob/master/docs/howto/add_pagination_links.md).

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[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Serializers
Given a serializer class:
```ruby
class SomeSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
end
```
The following methods may be defined in it:
### Attributes
#### ::attributes
Serialization of the resource `title` and `body`
| In Serializer | #attributes |
|---------------------------- |-------------|
| `attributes :title, :body` | `{ title: 'Some Title', body: 'Some Body' }`
| `attributes :title, :body`<br>`def body "Special #{object.body}" end` | `{ title: 'Some Title', body: 'Special Some Body' }`
#### ::attribute
Serialization of the resource `title`
| In Serializer | #attributes |
|---------------------------- |-------------|
| `attribute :title` | `{ title: 'Some Title' } `
| `attribute :title, key: :name` | `{ name: 'Some Title' } `
| `attribute :title { 'A Different Title'}` | `{ title: 'A Different Title' } `
| `attribute :title`<br>`def title 'A Different Title' end` | `{ title: 'A Different Title' }`
### Associations
#### ::has_one
e.g.
```ruby
has_one :bio
has_one :blog, key: :site
has_one :maker, virtual_value: { id: 1 }
```
#### ::has_many
e.g.
```ruby
has_many :comments
has_many :comments, key: :reviews
has_many :comments, serializer: CommentPreviewSerializer
has_many :reviews, virtual_value: [{ id: 1 }, { id: 2 }]
has_many :comments, key: :last_comments do
last(1)
end
```
#### ::belongs_to
e.g.
```ruby
belongs_to :author, serializer: AuthorPreviewSerializer
belongs_to :author, key: :writer
belongs_to :post
belongs_to :blog
def blog
Blog.new(id: 999, name: 'Custom blog')
end
```
### Caching
#### ::cache
e.g.
```ruby
cache key: 'post', expires_in: 0.1, skip_digest: true
cache expires_in: 1.day, skip_digest: true
cache key: 'writer', skip_digest: true
cache only: [:name], skip_digest: true
cache except: [:content], skip_digest: true
cache key: 'blog'
cache only: [:id]
```
#### #cache_key
e.g.
```ruby
# Uses a custom non-time-based cache key
def cache_key
"#{self.class.name.downcase}/#{self.id}"
end
```
### Other
#### ::type
e.g.
```ruby
class UserProfileSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
type 'profile'
end
```
#### ::link
e.g.
```ruby
link :other, 'https://example.com/resource'
link :self do
href "https://example.com/link_author/#{object.id}"
end
```
#### #object
The object being serialized.
#### #root
PR please :)
#### #scope
PR please :)
#### #read_attribute_for_serialization(key)
The serialized value for a given key. e.g. `read_attribute_for_serialization(:title) #=> 'Hello World'`
#### #links
PR please :)
#### #json_key
PR please :)
## Examples
Given two models, a `Post(title: string, body: text)` and a
`Comment(name: string, body: text, post_id: integer)`, you will have two
serializers:
```ruby
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
cache key: 'posts', expires_in: 3.hours
attributes :title, :body
has_many :comments
end
```
and
```ruby
class CommentSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
attributes :name, :body
belongs_to :post
end
```
Generally speaking, you, as a user of ActiveModelSerializers, will write (or generate) these
serializer classes.
## More Info
For more information, see [the Serializer class on GitHub](https://github.com/rails-api/active_model_serializers/blob/master/lib/active_model/serializer.rb)
## Overriding association methods
If you want to override any association, you can use:
```ruby
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
attributes :id, :body
has_many :comments
def comments
object.comments.active
end
end
```
## Overriding attribute methods
If you want to override any attribute, you can use:
```ruby
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
attributes :id, :body
has_many :comments
def body
object.body.downcase
end
end
```

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@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# How to add pagination links
### JSON API adapter
@@ -8,6 +10,10 @@ the resource is paginated and if you are using the ```JsonApi``` adapter.
If you want pagination links in your response, use [Kaminari](https://github.com/amatsuda/kaminari)
or [WillPaginate](https://github.com/mislav/will_paginate).
Although the others adapters does not have this feature, it is possible to
implement pagination links to `JSON` adapter. For more information about it,
please see in our docs
###### Kaminari examples
```ruby
@@ -33,7 +39,7 @@ render json: @posts
```
```ruby
ActiveModel::Serializer.config.adapter = :json_api
ActiveModelSerializers.config.adapter = :json_api
```
ex:
@@ -61,7 +67,7 @@ ex:
}
```
AMS pagination relies on a paginated collection with the methods `current_page`, `total_pages`, and `size`, such as are supported by both [Kaminari](https://github.com/amatsuda/kaminari) or [WillPaginate](https://github.com/mislav/will_paginate).
ActiveModelSerializers pagination relies on a paginated collection with the methods `current_page`, `total_pages`, and `size`, such as are supported by both [Kaminari](https://github.com/amatsuda/kaminari) or [WillPaginate](https://github.com/mislav/will_paginate).
### JSON adapter

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# How to add root key
Add the root key to your API is quite simple with AMS. The **Adapter** is what determines the format of your JSON response. The default adapter is the ```Attributes``` which doesn't have the root key, so your response is something similar to:
Add the root key to your API is quite simple with ActiveModelSerializers. The **Adapter** is what determines the format of your JSON response. The default adapter is the ```Attributes``` which doesn't have the root key, so your response is something similar to:
```json
{
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ Add the root key to your API is quite simple with AMS. The **Adapter** is what d
In order to add the root key you need to use the ```JSON``` Adapter, you can change this in an initializer:
```ruby
ActiveModel::Serializer.config.adapter = :json
ActiveModelSerializers.config.adapter = :json
```
You can also specify a class as adapter, as long as it complies with the AMS adapters interface.
You can also specify a class as adapter, as long as it complies with the ActiveModelSerializers adapters interface.
It will add the root key to all your serialized endpoints.
ex:

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@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
## Using AMS Outside Of A Controller
[Back to Guides](../README.md)
### Serializing a resource
## Using ActiveModelSerializers Outside Of A Controller
In AMS versions 0.10 or later, serializing resources outside of the controller context is fairly simple:
### Serializing a resource
In ActiveModelSerializers versions 0.10 or later, serializing resources outside of the controller context is fairly simple:
```ruby
# Create our resource
@@ -16,14 +18,14 @@ serializable_resource = ActiveModel::SerializableResource.new(post, options)
# Convert your resource into json
model_json = serializable_resource.as_json
```
```
### Retrieving a Resource's Active Model Serializer
### Looking up the Serializer for a Resource
If you want to retrieve a serializer for a specific resource, you can do the following:
```ruby
# Create our resource
# Create our resource
post = Post.create(title: "Another Example", body: "So much fun.")
# Optional options parameters
@@ -33,10 +35,24 @@ options = {}
serializer = ActiveModel::Serializer.serializer_for(post, options)
```
You could also retrieve the serializer via:
You could also retrieve the serializer via:
```ruby
ActiveModel::SerializableResource.new(post, options).serializer
ActiveModel::SerializableResource.new(post, options).serializer
```
Both approaches will return an instance, if any, of the resource's serializer.
Both approaches will return an instance, if any, of the resource's serializer.
## Serializing before controller render
At times, you might want to use a serializer without rendering it to the view. For those cases, you can create an instance of `ActiveModel::SerializableResource` with
the resource you want to be serialized and call `.as_json`.
```ruby
def create
message = current_user.messages.create!(message_params)
message_json = ActiveModel::SerializableResource.new(message).as_json
MessageCreationWorker.perform(message_json)
head 204
end
```

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@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
[Back to Guides](../README.md)
# Integrating with Ember and JSON API
- [Preparation](./ember-and-json-api.md#preparation)
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@
Note: This guide assumes that `ember-cli` is used for your ember app.
The JSON API specification calls for hyphens for multi-word separators. AMS uses underscores.
The JSON API specification calls for hyphens for multi-word separators. ActiveModelSerializers uses underscores.
To solve this, in Ember, both the adapter and the serializer will need some modifications:
### Server-Side Changes
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ export default DS.JSONAPISerializer.extend({
## Including Nested Resources
Previously, `store.find` and `store.findRecord` did not allow specification of any query params.
The AMS default for the `include` parameter is to be `nil` meaning that if any associations are defined in your serializer, only the `id` and `type` will be in the `relationships` structure of the JSON API response.
The ActiveModelSerializers default for the `include` parameter is to be `nil` meaning that if any associations are defined in your serializer, only the `id` and `type` will be in the `relationships` structure of the JSON API response.
For more on `include` usage, see: [The JSON API include examples](./../general/adapters.md#JSON-API)
With the above modifications, you can execute code as below in order to include nested resources while doing a find query.

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docs/jsonapi/schema.md
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[![JSON API 1.0](https://img.shields.io/badge/JSON%20API-1.0-lightgrey.svg)](http://jsonapi.org/)
## JSON API Requests