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Let's try now.
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José Valim
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README.textile
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README.textile
@ -35,17 +35,17 @@ h3. The Most Basic Serializer
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A basic serializer is a simple Ruby object named after the model class it is serializing.
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<ruby>
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class PostSerializer
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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<ruby>@
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class PostSerializer
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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def as_json
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{ post: { title: @post.name, body: @post.body } }
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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def as_json
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{ post: { title: @post.name, body: @post.body } }
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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A serializer is initialized with two parameters: the model object it should serialize and an authorization scope. By default, the
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authorization scope is the current user (+current_user+) but you can use a different object if you want. The serializer also
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@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ implements an +as_json+ method, which returns a Hash that will be sent to the JS
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Rails will transparently use your serializer when you use +render :json+ in your controller.
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<ruby>
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class PostsController < ApplicationController
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def show
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@post = Post.find(params[:id])
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render json: @post
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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<ruby>@
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class PostsController < ApplicationController
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def show
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@post = Post.find(params[:id])
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render json: @post
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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Because +respond_with+ uses +render :json+ under the hood for JSON requests, Rails will automatically use your serializer when
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you use +respond_with+ as well.
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@ -70,94 +70,94 @@ h4. +serializable_hash+
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In general, you will want to implement +serializable_hash+ and +as_json+ to allow serializers to embed associated content
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directly. The easiest way to implement these two methods is to have +as_json+ call +serializable_hash+ and insert the root.
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<ruby>
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class PostSerializer
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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<ruby>@
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class PostSerializer
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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def serializable_hash
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{ title: @post.name, body: @post.body }
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end
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def serializable_hash
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{ title: @post.name, body: @post.body }
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end
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def as_json
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{ post: serializable_hash }
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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def as_json
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{ post: serializable_hash }
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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h4. Authorization
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Let's update our serializer to include the email address of the author of the post, but only if the current user has superuser
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access.
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<ruby>
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class PostSerializer
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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<ruby>@
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class PostSerializer
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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def as_json
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{ post: serializable_hash }
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end
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def as_json
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{ post: serializable_hash }
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end
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def serializable_hash
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hash = post
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hash.merge!(super_data) if super?
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hash
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end
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def serializable_hash
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hash = post
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hash.merge!(super_data) if super?
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hash
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end
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private
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def post
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{ title: @post.name, body: @post.body }
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end
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private
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def post
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{ title: @post.name, body: @post.body }
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end
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def super_data
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{ email: @post.email }
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end
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def super_data
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{ email: @post.email }
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end
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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h4. Testing
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One benefit of encapsulating our objects this way is that it becomes extremely straight-forward to test the serialization
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logic in isolation.
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<ruby>
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require "ostruct"
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<ruby>@
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require "ostruct"
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class PostSerializerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
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# For now, we use a very simple authorization structure. These tests will need
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# refactoring if we change that.
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plebe = OpenStruct.new(super?: false)
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god = OpenStruct.new(super?: true)
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class PostSerializerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
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# For now, we use a very simple authorization structure. These tests will need
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# refactoring if we change that.
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plebe = OpenStruct.new(super?: false)
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god = OpenStruct.new(super?: true)
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post = OpenStruct.new(title: "Welcome to my blog!", body: "Blah blah blah", email: "tenderlove@gmail.com")
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post = OpenStruct.new(title: "Welcome to my blog!", body: "Blah blah blah", email: "tenderlove@gmail.com")
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test "a regular user sees just the title and body" do
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json = PostSerializer.new(post, plebe).to_json
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hash = JSON.parse(json)
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test "a regular user sees just the title and body" do
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json = PostSerializer.new(post, plebe).to_json
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hash = JSON.parse(json)
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assert_equal post.title, hash.delete("title")
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assert_equal post.body, hash.delete("body")
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assert_empty hash
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end
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assert_equal post.title, hash.delete("title")
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assert_equal post.body, hash.delete("body")
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assert_empty hash
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end
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test "a superuser sees the title, body and email" do
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json = PostSerializer.new(post, god).to_json
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hash = JSON.parse(json)
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test "a superuser sees the title, body and email" do
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json = PostSerializer.new(post, god).to_json
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hash = JSON.parse(json)
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assert_equal post.title, hash.delete("title")
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assert_equal post.body, hash.delete("body")
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assert_equal post.email, hash.delete("email")
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assert_empty hash
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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assert_equal post.title, hash.delete("title")
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assert_equal post.body, hash.delete("body")
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assert_equal post.email, hash.delete("email")
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assert_empty hash
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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It's important to note that serializer objects define a clear interface specifically for serializing an existing object.
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In this case, the serializer expects to receive a post object with +name+, +body+ and +email+ attributes and an authorization
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@ -168,17 +168,17 @@ the serializer doesn't need to concern itself with how the authorization scope d
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whether it is set. In general, you should document these requirements in your serializer files and programatically via tests.
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The documentation library +YARD+ provides excellent tools for describing this kind of requirement:
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<ruby>
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class PostSerializer
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# @param [~body, ~title, ~email] post the post to serialize
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# @param [~super] scope the authorization scope for this serializer
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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<ruby>@
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class PostSerializer
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# @param [~body, ~title, ~email] post the post to serialize
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# @param [~super] scope the authorization scope for this serializer
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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# ...
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end
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</ruby>
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# ...
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end
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@</ruby>
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h3. Attribute Sugar
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@ -189,30 +189,30 @@ For example, you will sometimes want to simply include a number of existing attr
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JSON. In the above example, the +title+ and +body+ attributes were always included in the JSON. Let's see how to use
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+ActiveModel::Serializer+ to simplify our post serializer.
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<ruby>
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class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :title, :body
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<ruby>@
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class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :title, :body
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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def initialize(post, scope)
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@post, @scope = post, scope
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end
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def serializable_hash
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hash = attributes
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hash.merge!(super_data) if super?
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hash
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end
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def serializable_hash
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hash = attributes
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hash.merge!(super_data) if super?
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hash
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end
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private
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def super_data
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{ email: @post.email }
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end
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private
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def super_data
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{ email: @post.email }
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end
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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First, we specified the list of included attributes at the top of the class. This will create an instance method called
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+attributes+ that extracts those attributes from the post model.
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@ -223,22 +223,22 @@ Next, we use the attributes methood in our +serializable_hash+ method, which all
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earlier. We could also eliminate the +as_json+ method, as +ActiveModel::Serializer+ provides a default +as_json+ method for
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us that calls our +serializable_hash+ method and inserts a root. But we can go a step further!
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<ruby>
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class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :title, :body
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<ruby>@
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class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :title, :body
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private
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def attributes
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hash = super
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hash.merge!(email: post.email) if super?
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hash
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end
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private
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def attributes
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hash = super
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hash.merge!(email: post.email) if super?
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hash
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end
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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The superclass provides a default +initialize+ method as well as a default +serializable_hash+ method, which uses
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+attributes+. We can call +super+ to get the hash based on the attributes we declared, and then add in any additional
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@ -251,100 +251,100 @@ h3. Associations
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In most JSON APIs, you will want to include associated objects with your serialized object. In this case, let's include
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the comments with the current post.
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<ruby>
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class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :title, :body
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has_many :comments
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<ruby>@
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class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :title, :body
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has_many :comments
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private
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def attributes
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hash = super
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hash.merge!(email: post.email) if super?
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hash
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end
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private
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def attributes
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hash = super
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hash.merge!(email: post.email) if super?
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hash
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end
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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The default +serializable_hash+ method will include the comments as embedded objects inside the post.
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<javascript>
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{
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post: {
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title: "Hello Blog!",
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body: "This is my first post. Isn't it fabulous!",
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comments: [
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{
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title: "Awesome",
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body: "Your first post is great"
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}
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]
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<javascript>@
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{
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post: {
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title: "Hello Blog!",
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body: "This is my first post. Isn't it fabulous!",
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comments: [
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{
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title: "Awesome",
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body: "Your first post is great"
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}
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}
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</javascript>
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]
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}
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}
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@</javascript>
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Rails uses the same logic to generate embedded serializations as it does when you use +render :json+. In this case,
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because you didn't define a +CommentSerializer+, Rails used the default +as_json+ on your comment object.
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If you define a serializer, Rails will automatically instantiate it with the existing authorization scope.
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<ruby>
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class CommentSerializer
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def initialize(comment, scope)
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@comment, @scope = comment, scope
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end
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<ruby>@
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class CommentSerializer
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def initialize(comment, scope)
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@comment, @scope = comment, scope
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end
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def serializable_hash
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{ title: @comment.title }
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end
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def serializable_hash
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{ title: @comment.title }
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end
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def as_json
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{ comment: serializable_hash }
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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def as_json
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{ comment: serializable_hash }
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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If we define the above comment serializer, the outputted JSON will change to:
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<javascript>
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{
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post: {
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title: "Hello Blog!",
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body: "This is my first post. Isn't it fabulous!",
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comments: [{ title: "Awesome" }]
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}
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}
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</javascript>
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<javascript>@
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{
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post: {
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title: "Hello Blog!",
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body: "This is my first post. Isn't it fabulous!",
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comments: [{ title: "Awesome" }]
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}
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}
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@</javascript>
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Let's imagine that our comment system allows an administrator to kill a comment, and we only want to allow
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users to see the comments they're entitled to see. By default, +has_many :comments+ will simply use the
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+comments+ accessor on the post object. We can override the +comments+ accessor to limit the comments used
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to just the comments we want to allow for the current user.
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<ruby>
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class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :title. :body
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has_many :comments
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<ruby>@
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class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :title. :body
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has_many :comments
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private
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def attributes
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hash = super
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hash.merge!(email: post.email) if super?
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hash
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end
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private
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def attributes
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hash = super
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hash.merge!(email: post.email) if super?
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hash
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end
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def comments
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post.comments_for(scope)
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end
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def comments
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post.comments_for(scope)
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end
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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def super?
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@scope.superuser?
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end
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end
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@</ruby>
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+ActiveModel::Serializer+ will still embed the comments, but this time it will use just the comments
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for the current user.
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@ -359,68 +359,68 @@ build up the hash manually.
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For example, let's say our front-end expects the posts and comments in the following format:
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<plain>
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<plain>@
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{
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post: {
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id: 1
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title: "Hello Blog!",
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body: "This is my first post. Isn't it fabulous!",
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comments: [1,2]
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},
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comments: [
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{
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post: {
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id: 1
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title: "Hello Blog!",
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body: "This is my first post. Isn't it fabulous!",
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comments: [1,2]
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},
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comments: [
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{
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id: 1
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title: "Awesome",
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body: "Your first post is great"
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},
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{
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id: 2
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title: "Not so awesome",
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body: "Why is it so short!"
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}
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]
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id: 1
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title: "Awesome",
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body: "Your first post is great"
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},
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{
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id: 2
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title: "Not so awesome",
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body: "Why is it so short!"
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}
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</plain>
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]
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}
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@</plain>
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We could achieve this with a custom +as_json+ method. We will also need to define a serializer for comments.
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<ruby>
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class CommentSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :id, :title, :body
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<ruby>@
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class CommentSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
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attributes :id, :title, :body
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|
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# define any logic for dealing with authorization-based attributes here
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end
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# define any logic for dealing with authorization-based attributes here
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end
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||||
|
||||
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
|
||||
attributes :title, :body
|
||||
has_many :comments
|
||||
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
|
||||
attributes :title, :body
|
||||
has_many :comments
|
||||
|
||||
def as_json
|
||||
{ post: serializable_hash }.merge!(associations)
|
||||
end
|
||||
def as_json
|
||||
{ post: serializable_hash }.merge!(associations)
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
def serializable_hash
|
||||
post_hash = attributes
|
||||
post_hash.merge!(association_ids)
|
||||
post_hash
|
||||
end
|
||||
def serializable_hash
|
||||
post_hash = attributes
|
||||
post_hash.merge!(association_ids)
|
||||
post_hash
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
private
|
||||
def attributes
|
||||
hash = super
|
||||
hash.merge!(email: post.email) if super?
|
||||
hash
|
||||
end
|
||||
private
|
||||
def attributes
|
||||
hash = super
|
||||
hash.merge!(email: post.email) if super?
|
||||
hash
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
def comments
|
||||
post.comments_for(scope)
|
||||
end
|
||||
def comments
|
||||
post.comments_for(scope)
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
def super?
|
||||
@scope.superuser?
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
</ruby>
|
||||
def super?
|
||||
@scope.superuser?
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
@</ruby>
|
||||
|
||||
Here, we used two convenience methods: +associations+ and +association_ids+. The first,
|
||||
+associations+, creates a hash of all of the define associations, using their defined
|
||||
@ -442,16 +442,16 @@ For instance, we might want to provide the full comment when it is requested dir
|
||||
but only its title when requested as part of the post. To achieve this, you can define
|
||||
a serializer for associated objects nested inside the main serializer.
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>
|
||||
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
|
||||
class CommentSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
|
||||
attributes :id, :title
|
||||
end
|
||||
<ruby>@
|
||||
class PostSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
|
||||
class CommentSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
|
||||
attributes :id, :title
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
# same as before
|
||||
# ...
|
||||
end
|
||||
</ruby>
|
||||
# same as before
|
||||
# ...
|
||||
end
|
||||
@</ruby>
|
||||
|
||||
In other words, if a +PostSerializer+ is trying to serialize comments, it will first
|
||||
look for +PostSerializer::CommentSerializer+ before falling back to +CommentSerializer+
|
||||
@ -468,11 +468,11 @@ its +current_user+ method and pass that along to the serializer's initializer.
|
||||
If you want to change that behavior, simply use the +serialization_scope+ class
|
||||
method.
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>
|
||||
class PostsController < ApplicationController
|
||||
serialization_scope :current_app
|
||||
end
|
||||
</ruby>
|
||||
<ruby>@
|
||||
class PostsController < ApplicationController
|
||||
serialization_scope :current_app
|
||||
end
|
||||
@</ruby>
|
||||
|
||||
You can also implement an instance method called (no surprise) +serialization_scope+,
|
||||
which allows you to define a dynamic authorization scope based on the current request.
|
||||
@ -489,19 +489,19 @@ outside a request.
|
||||
For instance, if you want to generate the JSON representation of a post for a user outside
|
||||
of a request:
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>
|
||||
<ruby>@
|
||||
user = get_user # some logic to get the user in question
|
||||
PostSerializer.new(post, user).to_json # reliably generate JSON output
|
||||
</ruby>
|
||||
@</ruby>
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to generate JSON for an anonymous user, you should be able to use whatever
|
||||
technique you use in your application to generate anonymous users outside of a request.
|
||||
Typically, that means creating a new user and not saving it to the database:
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>
|
||||
<ruby>@
|
||||
user = User.new # create a new anonymous user
|
||||
PostSerializer.new(post, user).to_json
|
||||
</ruby>
|
||||
@</ruby>
|
||||
|
||||
In general, the better you encapsulate your authorization logic, the more easily you
|
||||
will be able to use the serializer outside of the context of a request. For instance,
|
||||
@ -519,38 +519,38 @@ as the root).
|
||||
|
||||
For example, an Array of post objects would serialize as:
|
||||
|
||||
<plain>
|
||||
<plain>@
|
||||
{
|
||||
posts: [
|
||||
{
|
||||
posts: [
|
||||
{
|
||||
title: "FIRST POST!",
|
||||
body: "It's my first pooooost"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{ title: "Second post!",
|
||||
body: "Zomg I made it to my second post"
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
title: "FIRST POST!",
|
||||
body: "It's my first pooooost"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{ title: "Second post!",
|
||||
body: "Zomg I made it to my second post"
|
||||
}
|
||||
</plain>
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
@</plain>
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to change the behavior of serialized Arrays, you need to create
|
||||
a custom Array serializer.
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>
|
||||
class ArraySerializer < ActiveModel::ArraySerializer
|
||||
def serializable_array
|
||||
serializers.map do |serializer|
|
||||
serializer.serializable_hash
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
def as_json
|
||||
hash = { root => serializable_array }
|
||||
hash.merge!(associations)
|
||||
hash
|
||||
end
|
||||
<ruby>@
|
||||
class ArraySerializer < ActiveModel::ArraySerializer
|
||||
def serializable_array
|
||||
serializers.map do |serializer|
|
||||
serializer.serializable_hash
|
||||
end
|
||||
</ruby>
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
def as_json
|
||||
hash = { root => serializable_array }
|
||||
hash.merge!(associations)
|
||||
hash
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
@</ruby>
|
||||
|
||||
When generating embedded associations using the +associations+ helper inside a
|
||||
regular serializer, it will create a new <code>ArraySerializer</code> with the
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user